Step or Stage 2:

Is There a Problem?

Analytical Problem Solving

Here we want to analyze and define the problem. Then, if desirable, break it down into sub-problems. Is the problem in your area of knowledge? If it is in physics, engineering, or some other area outside your knowledge, seek assistance. Write things down or type into a computer. Don’t depend on just memory.

Present in the Form of a Question

An idea, problem, decision, or tentative theory should be presented in the form of a question because:

It encourages you to keep an open mind and thus seek the “truth” and not to prove a statement. A question is a tool and a guide for productive thinking about problem solving and investigation of a new subject.

Designing the Problem Solving Question

  • Be sure you ask the correct question.
  • Get to the real problem; don’t be distracted by symptoms. Spot the key factors.
  • Consider your purpose, values, needs, goals, and criteria.
  • Stick to the basics; don’t get lost in details.
  • The problem formulation may influence the phenomena being studied.
  • Too broad a question can never be solved, but too narrow a focus limits your results in this computer age.
  • Be clear, purposeful, and thought provoking.

To Help Define the Problem:

  • Why did the problem arise? Read the problem several times.
  • What are the critical elements, issues, and unique features?
  • What is the initial state and goal state?
  • What illustrative diagram, tables, fault tree, etc. can I prepare?
  • What are some other views of the problem? Look at it from other positions.
  • How do the problem solving team members define the problem?
  • Problems often involve other problems. Learn all that is involved
  • What are the risks and consequences of the problem?
  • If the problem is technical, be sure to put it in the correct category.

Analytical Problem Solving Requires Looking for Sub-problems

Most ill-structured problems are too complex to attack head on. Analyze and find the logical and important sub-problems that are researchable by themselves. Usually do the easiest first. These sub-problems must also be properly defined. Other sub-problems may pop up as you proceed.

Are You Ready to Present Your Problem Solving Problem?

Do you have enough information to present a good question? If not, look ahead to Stage 4 and search, explore, and gather evidence first. For complex problems and for patent, budget, or legal reasons, keep a log. Determine the amount of time and energy you should invest in the problem.

Analytical Problem Solving

  • Timing is important. Attempting to solve a problem too soon is bad, and trying to do so too late is even worse. Be alert to the best time. Set a deadline.
  • Remember as you proceed that SM-14 presents the general pattern of the steps or stages of problem solving. You are free to skip or go back at any time. Often you may be working on other steps or stages simultaneously.
  • Look ahead. What will some of the consequences be when you solve the problem or don’t solve it? A problem is always associated with other problems.
  • Can the problem be solved mathematically? If so, do this or get help.
  • Beware of those who are incredulous or exaggerate happenings.

Questions About Your Question:

Is it probably solvable?
Are you competent enough to solve it?
Did you find the real purpose?
Did you remember to avoid any biases?
Did you analyze for sub-problems? If you found any complex sub-problems, be sure to follow SM-14 on them.
Did you read and re-read your question? Be sure you haven’t oversimplified it.

Remember as You Proceed:

  • Discriminate between relevant and irrelevant facts, ideas, evidence, and information.
  • Keep an open mind.
  • Consider redefining the problem.
  • Consider possible solutions as tentative ones.
  • Be skeptical. Constantly challenge assumptions.
  • Communicate with your associates. Develop group skills.
  • Remember that each complex problem is unique in its own way.
  • Try thinking out loud individually or in groups. But keep thinking, thinking, thinking.

Next – Stage 3: Having thus formulated a problem, now consider your goals and planning strategies for solving the problem. In reaching your goals, you must first think about the end results you want to achieve and then think and plan ahead.